Bedtime problems in children: Solutions for the science-minded parent

© 2009-2020 Gwen Dewar, Ph.D., all rights reserved

Bedtime problems are pretty mutual, peculiarly amid young children. Only are these problems inevitable? No. Cross-cultural research — and clinical studies — indicate that we tin quash virtually troubles past making a few, key changes.

---

What should nosotros practise when our children neglect to fall asleep at bedtime, or protestation that they aren't sleepy? Or engage in stalling tactics? Or throw a tantrum?

opens IMAGE file

For many families, these struggles are a regular characteristic of daily life. But they don't have to be. Anthropological research suggests that bedtime problems are heavily influenced by culture.

For example, hunter-gatherers have very few sleep complaints, specially when information technology comes to initiating sleep at night (Yetish et al 2015). Nevertheless in more than modernized societies, indisposition is quite common, and a sizeable percent of parents (ten-30%) report that their babies and toddlers experience difficulties at bedtime (Mindell et al 2010).

Why? It isn't because our children are genetically programmed to stay upwardly tardily. It's considering something about their lifestyle is preventing them from experiencing powerful feelings of drowsiness at bedtime.

Do a bit of detective work — figure out what that something is — and nosotros can solve our children's bedtime problems. Hither I review common triggers of slumber onset troubles and bedtime resistance, and I propose practical, prove-based remedies.

Understanding your child's bedtime problems: A troubleshooting guide

1. Does your kid suffer from nighttime anxieties or fears?

Otherwise well-adjusted young children frequently experience anxiety when they are separated from their parents (Jenni et al 2005; Ainsworth et al 1978), and most children — at some point — experience nighttime fears.

How should we respond?

Some people mistakenly believe that slumber preparation is the reply. But sleep training programs aren't designed to accost a child's night anxieties and fears, and there's no testify that they are helpful on this score.

Indeed, research suggests that ignoring your child's fears may atomic number 82 to nightmares and emotional problems.

Children lack the encephalon maturation and cognitive skills to cope well with distressing emotions, so they need our guidance. If yous doubtable that night fears or separation anxiety are contributing to your kid'due south bedtime problems, come across these opens in a new windowParenting Scientific discipline tips for pedagogy kids how to cope.

2. Has your child learned to wait sleep troubles, delays, or bedtime battles? Learned sleep associations can sabotage your child'due south ability to get drowsy.

You've probably experienced this yourself. You try — and fail — to fall comatose. Then you go frustrated or anxious about the consequences. Tomorrow is going to be a disaster if I don't get enough sleep this evening.

Do these thoughts and feelings assist you fall asleep? Of grade not. They brand you feel more than alert. And if this keeps happening — nighttime after dark — you end up grooming your encephalon to answer to bedtime by becoming more uptight, and less drowsy. In effect, you teach yourself to go an insomniac.

Similar processes affect our children. They can learn to associate bedtime with bad feelings, and these feelings sabotage their ability to become physiologically drowsy.

For some kids, the feelings are the same frustration or anxiety we've just mentioned. I've got that big test tomorrow. Why tin't I autumn comatose? I'yard going to be so tired in forenoon!

Only children — even toddlers — experience other feelings, too. For case, some kids might not dread bedtime then much equally resent it. They actively resist going to bed when they are told, and they come up to expect that bedtime is the indicate for family unit conflict — non at-home.

Other children may acquire to expect indulgence and negotiation. They employ their nightly stalling tactics, and their parents give in (Moore et al 2006).

So what can y'all do if your kid has learned to associate bedtime with slumber troubles, delays, or bedtime battles?

The offset step is to stop pushing a bedtime that isn't currently working.

Pressuring a child to slumber is ineffective. Kids fall asleep because they are physiologically drowsy, non because we insist that they snooze. And if we proceed insisting, we're just contributing to the trouble — reinforcing those negative sleep associations.

The next step is to address any underlying problems that are making information technology hard for your child to feel drowsy at bedtime. Then y'all can use a technique called "bedtime fading" (below) to get your child back on track.

It's a good bet that learned sleep associations aren't the only thing standing in the style of a good night's sleep. In fact, the whole procedure of learning negative sleep association is often triggered by another factor.

Perchance your child's internal clock is out-of-sync with bedtime yous want to impose. Maybe your child suffers from nighttime fears. Or too much stimulation before bedtime. Or one of the other problems mentioned in this article.

And then continue to troubleshoot. If you address the underlying triggers, you'll have an easier time getting rid of your kid's negative sleep associations.

And then, when your set up, yous can employ the technique known every bit "bedtime fading" to retrain your child to have the bedtime y'all prefer. For help, encounter my Parenting Scientific discipline article, opens in a new window"Bedtime fading: An evidence-based, step-past-step guide (with examples)".

3. Is your official bedtime currently mismatched with your child'south internal clock? (Don't worry! You lot can fix this.)

Research suggests that many parents are sending children to bed too early on, long before they are physiologically ready to autumn comatose. Their bodies haven't yet produced plenty melatonin, a key hormonal regulator of sleep (LeBourgeois et al 2013).

Every bit a result, these kids either (i) refuse to stay in bed, or (2) lie awake, alert and restless. And they learn to associate bedtime with all the wrong things — frustration, anxiety, conflict, stalling tactics.

What should a parent do? It depends on the private child. How much sleep does this kid actually demand?

In some cases, parents are simply mistaken about their children's slumber requirements. They've overestimated how much sleep their kids demand.

It's not very mutual, but inquiry suggests that a sizable percentage of parents make this miscalculation (McDowall et al 2017). If this is you, you may exist able to solve your kid'due south bedtime problems by setting a later, more appropriate bedtime. My article nearly opens in a new windowkid sleep requirements can help y'all decide if y'all're expectations are realistic.

In other cases, parents have realistic expectations virtually their children'southward overall sleep requirements. The trouble is that the kid's internal clock is out-of-sync with the parents' preferred bedtime policy.

If that's your situation, 1 solution is to be accommodating: Reschedule your child's bedtime then that it aligns with his or her natural circadian rhythms.

But of class this isn't e'er possible or desirable. Work and schoolhouse schedules may become in the way. Is the situation hopeless, and then? No.

Even if a child has "dark owl" tendencies, there are ways to reprogram his or her inner clock.

How?

Commencement, lookout man out for poorly-timed naps. As I noted below, late afternoon naps can filibuster the onset of drowsiness at dark.

2d, use prove-based tactics to shift your child'south circadian rhythms.

These tactics include exposing your child to vivid light in the morning, and preventing your child from encountering vivid (artificial) lights after sundown. Read more about them in my article, opens in a new window"How to reset your child's internal clock for an earlier bedtime."

In add-on, consider using bedtime fading in combination with your other efforts. Every bit I explain in opens in a new windowmy guide to bedtime fading, the technique is specifically designed to assist realign your kid's internal clock with the bedtime you prefer.

iv. Is your child napping too close to bedtime?

Naps can help united states of america recover from sleep deprivation (Faraut et al 2015). They appear to have a powerful and beneficial outcome on learning (Kurdziel et al 2012). And they may play an of import role in early development: Babies and toddlers tend to increase their naps in the days leading upwards to a growth spurt (Lampl and Johnson 2011).

So personally, I don't like interfering if a child takes the occasional long nap. The kid might really need or benefit from the extra sleep!

Merely if your child is routinely taking long naps — particularly naps that terminate in the late afternoon or evening — this could be contributing to bedtime problems. Among kids older than 2 years, long naps have been linked with later bedtimes (Komada et al 2012).

5. Are electronic media triggering bedtime problems?

Throughout the world, children'south slumber problems take been linked with television and other electronic screen use.

• The more time babies and toddlers spend using tablets, the less they tend to sleep (due east.chiliad., Chen et al 2019; McDonald et al 2014).
• Preschoolers who watch lots of TV tend to experience more than slumber disruptions, and may get less total sleep (eastward.g., Captain and Spencer 2019).
• School-anile kids who spend more than fourth dimension watching TV are more probable to say they have slumber-related issues (Falbe et al 2015; Arora et al 2014).

Problems include bedtime difficulties, like nighttime anxiety, sleep-onset delays, and bedtime resistance (Li et al 2007; Owens et al 1999).

They also include trouble that occurs after bedtime — like more frequent nightmares and night wakings, and increased daytime sleepiness (e.g., Guerrero et al 2019; Plancoulaine et al 2018; Garrison et al 2011).

And kids don't have to be active users of engineering to suffer.

In Republic of finland, researchers accept uncovered prove that even passive viewing — being nowadays while parents scout adult programs — can contribute to bedtime problems. Young children (anile five-6 years) who were exposed to developed programs, like the evening news, slept less overall and experienced more than sleep disturbances (Paavonen 2006).

So what, exactly, is the cause of these links between slumber and electronic media employ?

In function, it'south a question of low-cal. Artificial light exposure — in the hour before bedtime, and subsequently, during the night — can disrupt the body's internal clock. And electronic screens emit low-cal, including blue light wavelengths that may exist especially confusing (east.thou., Wahnschaffe et al 2013).

For more details — including evidence-based tips for reducing the bear on of electronic media — run into opens in a new window this Parenting Science review.

But it's also clear that content matters. Exciting or disturbing content can overstimulate, making information technology harder for children to fall asleep and stay asleep.

For example, in an experimental written report of preschoolers, researchers asked parents to stop exposing their young children to tearing and age-inappropriate content. When parents replaced this content with non-violent, educational programming, kids experienced better sleep (Garrison and Christakis 2012).

Does this mean you must kill your electronic devices? No. But a conscientious await at the bear witness suggests that electronic media — including television set, mobile phones, and video game systems — tin can undermine slumber in children.

Read more about it in my article, opens in a new window"How television affects slumber – and what we tin can do to sleep better." And effort two simple rules:

1. Avoid electronic screen use before bedtime. How soon in the evening should you brainstorm this "blackout"? At that place isn't whatsoever hard data pointing to a specific amount of time. But in many correlational studies, researchers have found that kids tend to slumber better when they stop using electronics for one 60 minutes earlier bedtime.

two. Keep televisions and other electronic screens out of your child's bedroom. As I note in my article about television and sleep, studies written report strong links between poor sleep and the presence of electronic screens in the bedroom (east.m., Captain and Spencer 2019; Falbe et al 2015).

half dozen. Is your child's schedule besides irregular?

The practice of setting a regular bedtime is by no means universal. In many traditional cultures, the timing of sleep is flexible and opportunistic, with people making upwardly for the occasional "tardily night" by taking naps in the day (Worthman and Melby 2002).

This approach might work for you, likewise, if you lot don't have problems meshing your work schedule with your cyclic rhythms. But if your lifestyle disallows naps, or you just aren't the blazon to take naps, then irregular bedtimes can spell problem.

Studies of people living in industrialized countries propose that immature children who lack regular bedtimes have more behavior bug (e.g., Komada 2011; Kelly et al 2013).

7. Does bedtime feel cluttered? Attempt introducing a soothing, pre-bedtime routine.

It doesn't have to exist annihilation elaborate. In fact, the thought is to keep things simple and calm: Putting on pajamas, brushing teeth, having a caress, reading a bedtime story.

Such routines brand bedtime experience more anticipated and less stressful, and they are linked with fewer bedtime problems.

For case, in an international report of young children, researchers found evidence of a dosage-dependent relationship. The more than frequently a family adhered to a bedtime routine, the quicker kids fell asleep at night (Mindell et al 2015).

In improver, toddlers who stick with regular bedtime routines may sleep longer at night (Staples et al 2015).

viii. Is your child "overtired"?

Children are tricky when information technology comes to showing signs of tiredness. Some kids seem to get ever-more agile as the nighttime wears on, fifty-fifty though they are in desperate need of sleep. When kids become overtired, they may exist too stimulated or nervous to fall comatose (Kuhn et al 1999).

If this is your kid'due south problem, review your family unit's evening schedule. Is bedtime too late? Exercise you help your child wind down before bed by leading him through a pleasant, soothing bedtime routine? Practise household activities quiet down in the last two hours before bedtime?

Although you lot might exist tempted to article of clothing your child downwardly with exercise, inquiry suggests that practise keeps people alarm for at least two hours later it'due south over.

nine. Is your child experiencing too much stress during the day?

If your kid has trouble falling asleep, he or she may be experiencing daytime stress.

Research shows that kids who endure from "pre-sleep worries" are more likely to suffer from sleep problems (Bagley et al 2014). And so are kids struggling with stressful life events, including peer bug, a family motility, and changing schools (Baddam et al 2019).

And no wonder: Stress can raise stress hormone levels at nighttime, making kids experience too alert to sleep.

And then for a better night'south sleep, it's important to address your kid's daytime stress levels. Is he having trouble at school or opens in a new windowin daycare? Feeling displaced by a new sibling? Or might your child exist mirroring the stress she perceives in others?

Research confirms that stress is contagious, and even very immature children are affected. Every bit I explain elsewhere, babies can tell opens in a new windowwhen their mothers feel tense, and they are sensitive to strife and anger in the home.

In ane experiment, babies who were living with angry, squabbling parents showed heightened action in parts of the encephalon that process stress, fifty-fifty during sleep. In another study, young children exposed to marital disharmonize were more than likely to endure from bedtime issues (El Sheik et al 2006).

10. Is your kid consuming caffeine? Watch out for unexpected dietary sources.

Everybody knows that caffeine is a stimulant that should be avoided in the hours earlier bedtime. People are oftentimes less aware of the relative amounts of caffeine found in everyday consumables.

For example, a 12-ounce "classic" Coke contains nearly half the caffeine plant in a 12-ounce Mount Dew or iii.5 ounces of nighttime chocolate.

Moreover, some products, like free energy drinks, may contain more caffeine than is indicated on the label, considering ingredients listed separately–similar guarana, kola nut, yerba mate, or cocoa–are hidden sources of additional caffeine (Seifert et al 2011).

For more information nigh the caffeine content associated with various commercial foods and drugs, see this list put out past the opens in a new windowCenter for Science in the Public Interest.

xi. Does your child have allergies?

A report of American schoolhouse-aged children reports that kids with allergies are more likely to suffer from insomnia (Stein et al 2001). They are also more probable to suffer from noisy sleep. If your child has allergies and bedtime issues, consult your physician.

12. Is your child snoring at nighttime? Or showing other signs of disordered breathing?

Sleep matted breathing (SDB) includes snoring, loud breathing, troubled breathing and interrupted breathing (apnea) during sleep. SDB can restrict the oxygen supply to a kid's brain and cause serious health problems. It is besides associated with poor sleep quality, frequent night wakings, and daytime sleepiness.

Information technology'due south possible that SDB plays a office in bedtime problems, too.

A number of studies accept shown a link between SDB and hyperactivity (due east.g., Hiscock et al 2006; Shur-Fen Gau 2006). Kids diagnosed with ADHD are more than probable to have SDB than are other kids. And when hyperactive kids are treated for SDB, their ADHD symptoms improve. This has led some researchers to speculate that at to the lowest degree some cases of ADHD are acquired past SDB. Or, put another way—it's possible that many kids who have been diagnosed with ADHD are really just suffering from sleep problems.

These findings suggest that sleep-matted breathing could contribute indirectly to bedtime problems by making SDB sufferers more hyperactive and defiant.

This is a controversial thought that some researchers refuse (Sadeh et al 2006). However, given the potential wellness dangers of sleep-disordered animate, information technology's important to have symptoms seriously. If y'all suspect your child suffers from slumber-disordered breathing, consult your physician.

More reading about sleep

For more evidence-based information nearly sleep, see these Parenting Science articles:

• Sleep tips for the scientific discipline-minded parent
  
• Nighttime wakings
• How to reset your child's internal clock for an earlier bedtime
• Bedtime fading: An show-based, pace-past-step guide
• Gentle, "no cry" slumber training for babies and toddlers
• Nightmares and night terrors in children

---

References: Bedtime bug

Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters Eastward, and Wall S. 1978. Patterns of zipper: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

American Academy of Slumber Medicine. 2005. International nomenclature of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Pediatr Health Care. 2022 Jul-Aug;26(iv):276-82.

Arora T, Broglia Due east, Thomas GN, Taheri S. 2014.  Associations betwixt specific technologies and boyish slumber quantity, sleep quality, and parasomnias. Sleep Med. 15(ii):240-7.

Baddam SKR, Olvera RL, Canapari CA, Crowley MJ, Williamson DE. 2019. Childhood Trauma and Stressful Life Events Are Independently Associated with Sleep Disturbances in Adolescents. Behav Sci (Basel). 9(10).

Bagley EJ, Kelly RJ, Buckhalt JA, El-Sheikh Yard. 2014. What keeps low-SES children from sleeping well: the role of presleep worries and sleep surroundings. Sleep Med. pii: S1389-9457.

Brockmann PE, Diaz B, Damiani F, Villarroel L, Núñez F, Bruni O. 2016. Touch of television receiver on the quality of sleep in preschool children. Sleep Med. twenty:140-iv.

Chen B, van Dam RM, Tan CS, Chua HL, Wong PG, Bernard JY, Müller-Riemenschneider F. 2019. Screen viewing behavior and sleep duration amid children aged 2 and below. BMC Public Health. 19(1):59.

Calamaro CJ, Yang 1000, Ratcliffe South, Chasens ER. 2102. Wired at a young historic period: the effect of caffeine and technology on slumber duration and torso mass index in school-aged children.

Chen B, van Dam RM, Tan CS, Chua HL, Wong PG, Bernard JY, Müller-Riemenschneider F. 2019. Screen viewing beliefs and sleep duration among children aged 2 and below. BMC Public Health. nineteen(one):59.

Cooney MR, Brusk MA, Gradisar M. 2018. An open trial of bedtime fading for sleep disturbances in preschool children: a parent group teaching approach. Sleep Med. 46:98-106.

de la Iglesia HO, Fernández-Duque E, Golombek DA, Lanza N, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA, Valeggia CR. 2015. Access to Electric Low-cal Is Associated with Shorter Sleep Elapsing in a Traditionally Hunter-Gatherer Community. J Biol Rhythms. 30(4):342-50.

El-Sheikh M, Buckhalt JA, Mize J, and Acebo C. 2006. Marital conflict and disruption of children's sleep. Kid Dev. 77(1):31-43.

Faraut B, Nakib Due south, Drogou C, Elbaz M, Sauvet F, De Bandt JP, Léger D. 2015. Napping reverses the salivary interleukin-6 and urinary norepinephrine changes induced by sleep restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100(3):E416-26.

Falbe J, Davison KK, Franckle RL, Ganter C, Gortmaker SL, Smith L, Land T, Taveras EM. 2015. Sleep duration, restfulness, and screens in the sleep surround. Pediatrics. 135(ii):e367-75.

Ferber R. 2006. Solving your child'southward slumber problems: New, revised, and expanded edition. New York: Fireside.

Garrison MM, Liekweg K, Christakis DA. 2011. Media employ and kid sleep: the impact of content, timing, and environment. Pediatrics. 128(ane):29-35.

Garrison MM and Christakis DA. 2012. The bear on of a good for you media use intervention on sleep in preschool children. Pediatrics. 130(three):492-nine.

Glaze DG. 2004. Childhood indisposition: why Chris can't sleep. Pediatrics Clinics of North America 51: 33-50.

Gregory, AM, Frühling, VR, and Eley, TC. 2006. A Twin-Study of Sleep Difficulties in School-Anile Children Child Evolution. Vol. 77 (6): 1668–1679.

Guerrero Dr., Barnes JD, Chaput JP, and Tremblay MS. 2019. Screen fourth dimension and problem behaviors in children: exploring the mediating role of slumber duration. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Deed. 2022 November 14;xvi(1):105.

Helm AF and Spencer RMC. 2019. opens in a new windowTelevision receiver use and its effects on sleep in early childhood. Slumber Health. pii: S2352-7218(19)30058-0.

Jenni OG, Fuhrer HZ, Iglowstein I, Molinari L, Largo RH. 2005. A longitudinal written report of bed sharing and slumber issues amid Swiss children in the first 10 years of life. Pediatrics 115(1 Suppl):233-40.

Kelly Y, Kelly J, Sacker A. 2013. Changes in bedtime schedules and behavioral difficulties in vii year old children. Pediatrics. 132(five):e1184-93.

Komada Y, Abe T, Okajima I, Asaoka Southward, Matsuura North, Usui A, Shirakawa S, Inoue Y. 2011. Brusque sleep duration and irregular bedtime are associated with increased behavioral problems among Japanese preschool-age children. Tohoku J Exp Med. 224(2):127-36.

Komada Y, Asaoka Southward, Abe T, Matsuura Due north, Kagimura T, Shirakawa S, and Inoue Y. 2012. Relationship between napping pattern and nocturnal slumber among Japanese nursery school children. Sleep Med. xiii(one):107-10

Kuhn BR, Mayfield JW and Kuhn RH. 1999. Clinical cess of child and adolescent slumber disturbance. Journal of Counseling and Dev 77: 359-368.

Kurdziel L, Duclos 1000, and Spencer R. 2013. Sleep spindles in midday naps raise learning in preschool children. PNAS 110 (43): 17267–17272.

Lampl 1000 and Johnson ML.2011. Infant growth in length follows prolonged slumber and increased naps. Sleep. 34(five):641-50.

LeBourgeois MK, Carskadon MA, Akacem LD, Simpkin CT, Wright KP Jr, Achermann P, Jenni OG. 2013. Circadian phase and its relationship to night slumber in toddlers. J Biol Rhythms. 2022 Oct;28(5):322-31

Li S, Jin X, Wu S, Jiang F, Yan C, and Shen Ten. 2007. The bear on of media utilize on slumber patterns and sleep disorders amongst school-aged children in China. Sleep 30(3):361-7.

McDonald Fifty, Wardle J, Llewellyn CH, van Jaarsveld CH, Fisher A. 2014. Predictors of shorter sleep in early childhood. Sleep Med. 15(5):536-40.

McDowall PS, Galland BC, Campbell AJ, Elder DE. 2017. Parent noesis of children'southward sleep: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 31:39-47.

Mindell JA, Kuhn B, Lewin DS, Meltzer LJ, Sadeh A and the American Academy of Slumber Medicine. 2006. Behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children. Slumber 29: 1263-1281.

Mindell JA, Leichman ES, Lee C, Williamson AA, Walters RM. 2017. Implementation of a nightly bedtime routine: How speedily do things improve? Infant Behav Dev. 49:220-227.

Mindell JA, Li AM, Sadeh A, Kwon R, Goh DY. 2015. Bedtime routines for immature children: a dose-dependent clan with sleep outcomes. Slumber. 38(v):717-22

Moore Thousand, Allison A, and Rosen CL. 2006. A review of pediatric nonrespiratory sleep disorders. Chest 130(four): 1252-1262.

Moore G, Meltzer LJ, and Mindell JA. 2007. Bedtime problems and dark wakings in children. Sleep Med Clin 2: 377-385.

Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn One thousand, and Nobile C. 2000. Sleep habits and sleep disturbance in elementary school-aged children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 21: 27-36.

Paavonen EJ, Pennonen M, Roine 1000, Valkonen S and Lahikainen AR. 2006. Telly exposure associated with sleep disturbances in 5-to six-year-old children. J Sleep Research 15: 154-161.

Petit D, Touchette E, Tremblay RE, Bolvin Yard, and Montplaiser J. 2006. Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood. Pediatrics 119: e1016-e1025.

Piazza CC and Fisher W. 1991. A faded bedtime with response cost protocol for treatment of multiple sleep problems in children. J Appl Behav Anal. 1991 Jump;24(1)

Plancoulaine Southward, Reynaud E, Forhan A, Lioret S, Heude B, Charles MA; EDEN mother−child cohort study group. 2018. Night sleep duration trajectories and associated factors amongst preschool children from the EDEN accomplice. Sleep Med. 48:194-201.

Sadeh A. L. Pergamin, Y. Bar-Haim2006. Sleep in children with attending-arrears hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of polysomnographic studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, Book 10, Issue 6, Pages 381-398.

Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE. 2011. Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and immature adults. Pediatrics. 127(iii):511-28.

Shur-Fen Gau S. 2006. Prevalence of sleep problems and their association with inattention / hyperactivity among children aged 6-15 in Taiwan. Journal of Sleep Research v(4): 403-414.

Staples AD, Bates JE, and Petersen Information technology. 2015. Ix. Bedtime routines in early babyhood: prevalence, consistency, and associations with nighttime sleep. Monogr Soc Res Kid Dev. 80(1):141-59.

Wahnschaffe A, Haedel South, Rodenbeck A, Stoll C, Rudolph H, Kozakov R, Schoepp H, and Kunz D. 2013. Out of the lab and into the bathroom: evening brusk-term exposure to conventional light suppresses melatonin and increases alertness perception. Int J Mol Sci. fourteen(2):2573-89.

C.K. Worthman and M. Melby. 2002. Toward a comparative developmental environmental of human slumber. In: Adolescent Slumber Patterns: Biological, Social, and Psychological Influences, M.A. Carskadon, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 69-117.

Yetish K, Kaplan H, Gurven M, Wood B, Ponzer H, Manger PR, Wilson C, McGregor R, and Siegel J. 2015. Natural sleep and its seasonal variations in three preindustrial societies. Current Biology 25(21):2862-2868.

Zarowski One thousand, Modzikowska-Albrecht J, Steinborn B. 2007. The sleep habits and sleep disorders in children with headache. Adv Med Sci. 2007;52 Suppl 1:194-6.

Content of "Bedtime problems" concluding modified 7/2020

Image credits for Bedtime bug

title image of child with teddy deport by istock

image of father comforting child by istock

image of sunset past idecomite / opens in a new windowflickr

image of child watching TV

prototype of girl asleep on her scooter by Emran Kassim / opens in a new windowflickr

ayalables1994.blogspot.com

Source: https://parentingscience.com/bedtime-problems/

Share this post